Regions & economiesUnited States China Euro area Japan India United Kingdom Canada and Mexico Emerging Asia Latin America Middle East and Gulf Sub-Saharan Africa Frontier marketsFlowsTrade balances and current accounts Capital flows and portfolio investment Foreign direct investment Remittances Supply chain reconfiguration and friendshoring oil gas grain metals Debt flows and sovereign borrowingCurrenciesThe dollar and dollar strength Euro, yen, sterling Emerging market currencies Currency crises and defence Reserve currency status and de-dollarisation claims floating pegged managed Central bank swap lines Central bank digital currencies and cross border pilots Stablecoins in emerging market payments Payment messaging alternatives: CIPS and SPFS Dollarisation and de facto dollarised economies Capital controls and their use in crisis Reserve adequacy metrics Remittance corridor costs Currency pegs and their breaking points Intervention and sterilisationInstitutions & debtIMF programmes and conditionality World Bank and development finance Sovereign debt distress and restructuring Paris Club and the Common Framework Credit ratings and sovereign risk Regional development banks Bank for International SettlementsShocks & cyclesGlobal growth outlook Inflation across economies Monetary policy divergence Recessions and slowdowns Energy price shocks Food prices and security Financial contagion Demographics and long-run growth Tariffs and trade warsNewsTrade policy and tariffsUnited States section 301 tariffs on China Section 232 steel and aluminium measures Tariffs imposed under emergency economic powers and the litigation ove The USMCA joint review European Union carbon border adjustment mechanism European Union duties on Chinese electric vehicles Semiconductor export controls and the foreign direct product rule Entity lists and end user controls Anti dumping and countervailing duty cases Rules of origin and transshipment De minimis treatment of low value parcels World Trade Organization dispute settlement and the interim appeal arrCentral banksFederal Reserve European Central Bank Bank of Japan People's Bank of China Bank of England Reserve Bank of India Banco Central do Brasil Banco de Mexico Central Bank of the Republic of Turkiye Bank of Canada Reserve Bank of Australia Bank of Korea Swiss National Bank Policy meeting calendar Balance sheets, quantitative tightening and reserves Independence and political pressure

Reserve adequacy metrics

Reserve adequacy metrics - reporting from Tradeandtide.

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